Electrostatic Discharge and Electronic Equipment: A Practical Guide for Designing to Prevent ESD Problems
by: Warren Boxleitner, IEEE
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Preface
Since electronic equipment was first developed, static electricity has been a
source of problems for users and designers. In the last few years, however,
electrostatic discharge (ESD) has become a source of major problems. This
has occurred because newer electronic devices, such as integrated circuits,
are much more susceptible to ESD problems than previous devices, such as
vacuum tubes. Another trend compounding this ESD susceptibility problem
is the spread of sophisticated equipment into home and office environments
where ESD is quite common.
Unfortunately, this increase in the occurrence of ESD problems has not
been accompanied by a corresponding increase in knowledge about ESD.
Today, in the electronics industry, there is probably no other area which is so
poorly understood as ESD. Most engineers view the subject of ESD as black
magic, and design for prevention of ESD problems as a black art. As a result,
a typical engineer takes few conscious design steps to prevent ESD problems.
When problems do occur, solutions are randomly applied until the symptoms
go away. In many, if not most, cases, the designer doesn't really understand
why some solutions fail and others work. Even worse, designers are often not
sure whether the problem has really been solved, because they don't
understand how to perform accurate verification tests.
Part of this confusion occurs because many engineers attempt to treat ESD
as just another form of electromagnetic interference (EMI). While it is true
that ESD generates EMI, ESD is not merely EMI. In addition to generating
EMI, ESD also directly injects charge into the victim equipment. This direct
charge injection results in several special problems that do not occur with
normal EMI. In some situations, normal EMI solutions may actually
aggravate ESD problems.
This book was written to take the mystery out of ESD. It explains how ESD
is generated, and how it affects electronic equipment. This explanation brings
ESD out of the realm of black magic and into the sphere of science. Even
more important, this book explains how to design equipment to prevent ESD
problems. This discussion of ESD design solutions not only includes design
guidelines, but explains why they work. It also exposes myths that have
developed about ESD and why they are incorrect. Finally, this book discusses
the methods of testing for ESD problems. This discussion covers not only the
test hardware, but also test procedures and methods that ensure meaningful
results. The information contained in the following pages should help the
reader prevent many (if not most) ESD problems.
Table of Contents
Preface
A Model of the Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Event
ESD Effects in Electronic Equipment
Firmware/Software Design Guidelines
Printed Writing Board Design Guidelines
Cable Design Guidelines
Enclosure Design Guidelines
Electronic Circuit Design Guidelines
Manufacturing, Shipping, and Installation Guidelines
ESD Simulator Design and Usage
Guidelines for ESD Facilities and Test Methods
Statistical Sampling Criteria
Appendix: Sample ESD Test Specification
Bibliography
Index
About the Author
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