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Intro ...
This guide has been designed to give plant operators, electricians,
field technicians and engineers a better appreciation of the role played
by power system protection systems. An understanding of power systems
along with correct management, will increase your plant efficiency and performance
as well as increasing safety for all concerned. This guide is designed
to provide an excellent understanding on both theoretical and practical
level. We start at a basic level, to ensure that you have a solid grounding
in the fundamental concepts and also to refresh the
more experienced readers in the essentials. We then moves onto more detailed
applications. It’s most definitely not an advanced treatment of the topic and it’s
hoped the expert will forgive the simplifications that have been made
to the material in order to get the concepts across in a practical useful
manner.
above: Miniature Circuit Breakers
This guide features an introduction covering the need for protection, fault types and their effects, simple calculations of short circuit currents and system grounding. The guide also refers to some practical work such as simple fault calculations, relay settings and the checking of a current transformer magnetization curve which are performed in the associated training workshop. You should be able to do these exercises and tasks yourself without too much difficulty based on the material covered in the guide.
AMAZON multi-meters discounts AMAZON oscilloscope discountsThis is an intermediate level guide -- at the end of the guide you will have decent knowledge of the principles of protection. You will also have a better understanding of the possible problems likely to arise and know where to look for answers.
In addition you are introduced to the most interesting and 'fun' part
of electrical engineering to make your job more rewarding. Even those
who claim to be protection experts have admitted to improving their knowledge
after attending this guide but at worst case perhaps this guide will
perhaps be an easy refresher on the topic which hopefully you will pass
onto your less experienced colleagues.
We would hope that you will gain the following from this guide:
- The fundamentals of electrical power protection and applications
- Knowledge of the different fault types
- The ability to perform simple fault and design calculations
- Practical knowledge of protection system components
- Knowledge of how to perform simple relay settings
- Increased job satisfaction through informed decision making
- Know how to improve the safety of your site
Typical learners who will find this guide useful may include:
- Electrical Engineers
- Project Engineers
- Design Engineers
- Instrumentation Engineers
- Electrical Technicians
- Field Technicians
- Electricians
- Plant Operators
You should have a some of industrial-electrical knowledge and electrical-protection systems to get maximum benefit from this guide. This guide was put together by several notable contributors and experts.
Index of Articles (aka Table of Contents)
Do We Need to Protect?
Faults, types and effects
Simple calculation of short-circuit currents [coming soon]
- Introduction
- Revision of basic formulae
- Calculation of short-circuit MVA
- Useful formulae
- Cable information
- Copper conductors
Grounding Industrial Electrical Power Systems
- Introduction
- Grounding devices
- Evaluation of grounding methods
- Effect of electric shock on human beings
Fuses
- Historical
- Re-wireable type
- Cartridge type
- Operating characteristics
- U.S. standard
- Energy "let through"
- Application of selection of fuses
- General ‘rules of thumb’
- Special types
- General
- IS-limiter
Instrument transformers
- Purpose
- Basic theory of operation
- Voltage transformers
- Current transformers
- Application of current transformers
- Introducing relays
- Inverse definite minimum time lag (IDMTL) relay
Circuit breakers
- Introduction
- Protective relay–circuit breaker combination
- Purpose of circuit breakers (switchgear)
- Behavior under fault conditions
- Arc
- Types of circuit breakers
- Comparison of breaker types
Tripping-current substation batteries
- Intro to Tripping-current batteries
- Construction of battery chargers
- Maintenance guide
- Trip circuit supervision
- Reasons why breakers and contactors fail to trip
- Capacity storage trip units
Relays
- Introduction
- Construction/operation of electromechanical IDMTL relay
- Factors influencing choice of plug setting
- Microprocessor vs electronic vs mechanical/traditional
- Universal microprocessor overcurrent relay
- Technical features of a modern microprocessor relay
- Type testing of static relays
- Distribution systems and future of protection
- IED (intelligent electronic device)
- Substation automation
- Communication capability
Coordination via time grading
Low-voltage networks
- Introduction
- Air circuit breakers
- Molded case circuit breakers
- Application and selective coordination; Ground leakage protection
Mine underground distribution protection
- General; Ground-leakage protection; Pilot wire monitor; Ground fault lockout
- Neutral grounding resistor monitor
Fundamentals and Principles of unit protection
- Protective relay systems
- Main or unit protection
- Back-up protection
- Methods of obtaining selectivity
- Differential protection
- Transformer differential protection
- Switchgear differential protection
- Feeder pilot-wire protection
- Time taken to clear faults
- Recommended unit protection systems
- Advantages of unit protection
Feeder protection cable feeders and overhead lines
Transformer protection
- Winding polarity
- Transformer connections
- Transformer magnetizing characteristics
- In-rush current
- Neutral grounding
- On-load tap changers
- Mismatch of current transformers
- Fault types
- Differential protection
- Restricted ground fault
- HV overcurrent
- Buchholz protection
- Overloading
Switchgear (busbar) protection
Motor protection relays
- Introduction
- Early motor protection relays
- Steady-state temperature rise
- Thermal time constant
- Motor current during start and stall conditions
- Stalling of motors
- Unbalanced supply voltages
- Determination of sequence currents
- Derating due to unbalanced currents
- Electrical faults in stator windings ground faults phase–phase faults
- General
- Typical protective settings for motors
Generator protection
- Introduction
- Stator grounding and ground faults
- Overload protection
- Overcurrent protection
- Overvoltage protection
- Unbalanced loading
- Rotor faults
- Reverse power
- Loss of excitation
- Loss of synchronization
- Field suppression
- Industrial generator protection
- Numerical relays
- Parallel operation with grid
Protection Management
The Industry / Companies
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