(source: Electronics World, Nov. 1971)
By WILLIAM SLATKIN/ Product News Manager, Ampex Corporation
--- The "Emmy" awarded to Ampex in 1957 is shown with the original
VR-1000 video tape recorder for which it was given.
One of the great developments of our times--but will it really spawn a home
recording /playback market as large as many anticipate?
VIDEO-tape recording, which is attracting growing interest in fields ranging
from home entertainment to information storage and retrieval, was born just
15 years ago. It was conceived to solve a vexing problem of the then youthful
television broadcasting industry.
It not only solved the problem of time delay in network broadcasts, but it
also dramatically improved television viewing with techniques such as "instant
replay," it has spawned $730,000,000 worth of business in the last 15
years, and it created three entirely new markets: (1) institutional closed-circuit
television; (2) home recording and playback; and (3) automated information
processing.
According to Ampex, which invented video-tape recording and has collected
well over half the $730,000,000, this figure will be equaled again in less
than five years. In fact, $730,000,000 is projected as a likely annual sales
figure for video-recording equipment by 1976!
In 1971, the broadcast industry continues to be the largest user of video
recording, constituting about half the market, while institutional closed-circuit
television users (in education, industry, government, and medicine) are expected
to account for 43 %; home recording and playback, virtually nothing; and automated
information processing, 7 %.
In five years the picture will change drastically. Broadcasting and CATV are
expected to represent about 10 to 15 percent, with closed-circuit television,
home use, and information systems each taking 25 to 30 percent of the total.
Broadcasting and CATV
------ The Ampex Instavideo recorder can record color or black-and-white
TV programs off-the-air or play back previously recorded programs on home receivers.
It is the smallest cartridge-loading video playback device on market to date.
In the early days of television, networks and stations had no practical way
of recording programs and commercials for quality rebroadcast within a few
hours. News programs originating in New York City at 6 p.m. Eastern time, appeared
simultaneously throughout the country, before most residents of the Midwest
and Western states were home from work. Moreover, because it was impossible
to edit live broadcasts, viewers from coast-to-coast witnessed those many embarrassing
moments, such as when an announcer coughed his way through a cigarette commercial.
The Ampex VII-1000 video-tape recorder, introduced at the National Association
of Broadcasters convention in 1956, provided the solution to these problems.
It successfully converted images to electronic impulses and recorded them on
tape for immediate or delayed transmission.
Before the end of that year, people in California could watch "Douglas
Edwards and the News" at 6 p.m. Pacific time, since CBS recorded the live
program and replayed it each hour to a different section of the country.
If production errors were made while putting a show or commercial on tape,
the recorder was stopped, the tape erased and rewound, and the scene re-done.
The video-tape recorder was rapidly adopted throughout the broadcast television
industry in the United States and abroad, but remained an exclusive tool of
the broadcast industry for nearly 10 years.
Before the end of the 1950's, the National Academy of Television Arts and
Sciences recognized the importance of the video-tape recorder and awarded Ampex
an "Emmy" for its development. The firm began manufacturing a line
of color recorders and another manufacturer, RCA, entered the growing broadcast
field with its video-tape recorder.
Quadraplex recording on two-inch-wide tape rapidly became the broadcast-industry
standard and the capability whetted broadcasters' appetites for more sophisticated
technologies. Their new requirements brought about the development of significant
advances; among the most important of which were electronic editing, high-band
recording, and the "instant replay" system.
In 1962, electronic editing became feasible so the videotape recorder could
be used as a production /editing tool, as well as a delayed broadcast system.
Until then, if a tape editor wanted to change the sequence in which segments
occurred in a tape, or add or delete material in a program, he had to physically
cut the tape and splice together the desired finished production.
Electronic editing, widely used today, places an electronic signal on the
tape at the touch of a button. This signal tells the recorder to erase a scene,
to transfer a segment of action to another recorder, or to cue in a new input
from a TV camera, film chain, or another video-tape recorder.
At the moment the insertion or deletion takes place, the electronic editor
automatically synchronizes the change so the editing point will not be visible
during playback. The viewer sees a change in scenes without the slightest jitter.
Because of further refinements in this capability, electronic editing can
be accomplished from a single console which controls a variety of production
systems. Modern consoles employ a computer memory to store cues and editing
instructions.
High-band recording, developed in 1964, significantly advanced video-tape
recording technology by substantial improvement in the signal-handling characteristics
of the record /reproduce electronics.
The advancements in later designs (VR-2000) were significant enough to produce
a noticeable improvement in the quality of color recordings. "Second-generation" equipment
also made possible, for the first time, the production of several successive
duplicates of a taped program through many generations without degradation
of picture quality.
Another significant development in video recording for the broadcast industry
was the video disc recorder--the "instant replay" device so familiar
to armchair sports enthusiasts. The HS-100, introduced by Ampex in 1967, was
first used in televising the 1967 U.S. Ski Championships from Vail, Colorado.
Disc recording was developed because video-tape recorders, like audio recorders,
do not provide a practical and totally accurate means of finding and replaying
specific segments of recorded pictures and sound, and because slow-motion and
stop-action effects are nearly impossible to obtain on a video-tape recorder.
The video disc technique uses a magnetically plated disc as the recording
medium with the video record /playback heads placed in a movable carriage.
During the recording operation, the head moves across the rotating disc, electronically
placing video information in magnetic tracks on the disc, much as the rotating
heads in a video-tape recorders place images on the tape.
When a particular segment of action is to be played back, the operator presses
a button to command the head to return to a particular video frame and begin
a replay.
By altering the speed at which the head moves across the disc either in record,
playback, or both, speed of the segment being played is correspondingly altered.
If the head is "frozen" over a single track, the HS-100 replays a
single frame and the monitor exhibits a stop-action picture.
Scores of these machines are used throughout the world for "instant-replay" coverage
of sporting events while a modified version, introduced in 1968, uses the disc
technology along with a computer memory for the production of television programs
and commercials. When used with electronic editing, it produces the fast, slow,
and stop-action effects seen on many of the most popular comedy /variety shows.
Although sales of video equipment to commercial and educational television
broadcasters and CATV operators will soon be surpassed by the three newer markets,
broadcasting will remain the major source of technological innovations in the
video-recording field. New developments, such as high-speed video-tape duplication,
which will eventually serve all industries concerned with video-tape recording,
are emerging first in the broadcast market.
Institutional Closed-Circuit TV
The largest of the three new markets for video-recording
technology is currently closed-circuit television (CCTV) used in education,
industry, government, and medicine for various training and communications
applications. Various closed-circuit video-tape recording systems, offered
by Ampex, Sony, and several other manufacturers, first appeared on the market
in 1962.
While broadcast video-tape recorders weighed about 1200 pounds, were priced
at approximately $60,000 and up, and used only two-inch-wide tape, the first
closed-circuit video-tape recorders weighed between 50 and 100 pounds and were
priced from about $10,000. Some used inch-wide tape.
A major technical difference between broadcast and CCTV recorders is the recording
technique. Broadcast systems use four record /playback heads mounted on a drum
which is rotated rapidly across the tape at virtually a 90-degree angle to
the path of the tape. In this manner, the relative tape-to-head speed reaches
approximately 1500 inches per second. At this speed, frequencies of more than
5 MHz may be obtained. This frequency is required to produce TV pictures with
the quality necessary for commercial broadcasting.
-------The central file facility of a $ 1.8 million Video-file information
system accepted by American National Insurance Co. The system will store documents
as television recordings on video tape and make them available for viewing
as TV pictures or printed copies. It will reduce file space to one-fourth that
presently required for paper records containing the same data.
-------- The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department will retrieve, compare,
and identify fingerprint records in minutes using a Video-file system as the
key element in a county-wide television records system. Installation will begin
this summer.
Closed-circuit recorders use the helical recording format.
The tape is wrapped diagonally around the drum, which contains one or two
record /playback heads. The rotating drum records across the moving tape in
a diagonal curve.
In this manner, relative tape-to-head speeds of from 650 to 1000 inches per
second are produced, creating frequencies up to 3.2 MHz. Although this bandwidth
is ordinarily unsuitable for broadcast television, it produces pictures of
high enough quality for the demanding requirements of the institutional market.
Within eight years after their introduction, at least 75,000 closed-circuit
recording systems were being used throughout the world in a variety of applications.
Since the introduction of closed-circuit video-tape recording equipment, the
prices of cameras and video-tape recorders have generally declined and new
generations of systems have become available, offering sophisticated production-editing
capabilities. Complementing the one-inch systems, a standard for half-inch
video-tape recorders (the Type 1 standard) has emerged, to permit broad interchange
of recorded programming. This half-inch standard plus the imminent availability
of cartridge-loading recorders and players will greatly expand the closed-circuit
market for video-recording equipment.
Home Recording and Playback
No aspect of video recording has attracted such wide interest as the anticipated
home market. Many forecasts of future sales in the hundreds of millions of
dollars have been made, although no true home recording or playback system
is presently available.
Unlike the institutional CCTV market, which has grown steadily over the last
seven years, this is a brand-new field in which there are many questions yet
to be answered.
Among the current problems is a lack of system compatibility. No unit will
accept and play a cartridge from any other manufacturer's unit.
In addition, there are many unanswered questions related to the programming,
or "software." Among the most perplexing are: What kind of programming
will the con sumer buy or rent? Can programming be produced and distributed
economically enough to attract wide consumer support? Who will produce and
distribute programs for this market? Although interest in home systems arose
because of the potential seen in closed-circuit video-tape recorders for this
market, several new technologies have emerged to vie for a share of the video
cartridge business.
The EVR system, developed by CBS, is the only cartridge playback unit currently
available on the market, with the present model designed for institutional
use and the home version planned for the future. It uses ordinary although
small, fine-grain photographic film. When plugged into the antenna terminals
of a television set, EVR converts the optic information off the film to impulses
that can be interpreted and recreated by a TV picture tube.
The RCA SelectaVision system, demonstrated in experimental models, effects
an optic–to-electronic conversion, in this case from images imprinted by a
laser on holographic tape.
Unique among the emerging technologies is the Teldec television disc to be
produced jointly by Decca and Telefunken. Instead of a cartridge, the Teldec
System plays a plastic foil platter, about the size of a long-playing record.
Although limited to about 10-15 minutes of playback time, prerecorded programs
on disc will be available for a fraction of a dollar, considerably cheaper
than program cartridges ($10-$20 and up for 30 minutes playing time). In addition
to these systems, a number of manufacturers are working on home video-cassette
units using helical video-tape recording techniques, but a variety of cassette
and cartridge configurations.
Video-tape units will have the important advantage of providing the record
capability, while owners of EVR, SelectaVision, Teldec, and other non-tape
systems will not be able to use their equipment to record off-the-air or from
camera.
While a number of industry spokesmen are heralding the imminence of the cartridge
video market, there are enough unanswered questions--not the least of which
concerns the availability of consumer-priced hardware-to suggest it may need
a few more years of experimentation.
Even so, Ampex estimates sales of equipment for home use could reach $200
to $300 million by 1976, with most of the growth coming in the fourth and fifth
years. For the longer term, it remains a market of great potential.
Automated Information Storage
From its inception, video recording's ability to store visual data faithfully
and compactly and reproduce it immediately and electronically suggested its
application in storing documents.
Ampex undertook development of a system (Video-file) for this purpose in the
mid1960's. Prerequisites were the development of precise single-frame electronic
editing capability, computer control equipment, and TV cameras and monitors
with unprecedented reliability and picture resolution. The concept was announced
in 1964 and the first commercial system was delivered in 1968. Following this
long gestation period, the Video-file system has become a significant factor
in the video-recording industry.
Video-file systems are not small. They are sophisticated, large-scale systems
for automating large, active files. The first system, priced at $750,000, was
installed at Southern Pacific Company in San Francisco in 1968 to automate
the processing of hundreds of thousands of freight waybills each day. The system
uses video tape to store images of documents, and computer address and search
techniques to enable clerks to file and retrieve the documents in seconds.
It operates virtually around the clock.
Video discs, like those used on "instant-replay" recorders are also
part of the system. Document images called from the tape files are duplicated
on disc recorders so office personnel are presented each required document
for study in much the same way that single images are provided during stop-action "instant
replays."
The discs also provide access to the images for several people at the same
time without disturbing the original recording. As long as there are enough
disc systems to go around, each person may view his own "copy" of
a document, and no entry is ever "out of file."
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