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The circuit to be described in this section is designed to give the highest standard of sound reproduction when used in association with a suitable pre-amplifier, a high-grade pick-up head and a good-quality loudspeaker system.
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Two Mullard output pentodes, type EL34, rated at 25W anode dissipation, form the output stage of the circuit. These are connected in a push-pull arrangement with distributed loading, and give a reserve of output power of 20W with a level of harmonic distortion less than 0.05 %. The intermediate stage consists of a cathode-coupled, phase-splitting amplifier using the Mullard double triode, type ECC83. This stage is preceded by a high-gain voltage amplifier incorporating the Mullard low-noise pentode, type EF86.
Direct coupling is used between the voltage amplifier and phase splitter to minimize low-frequency phase shifts.
The main feedback loop includes the whole circuit, the feedback voltage being derived from the secondary winding of the output transformer and being injected in the cathode circuit of the EF86. The amount of feedback applied around the circuit is 30dB, but in spite of this high level, the stability of the circuit is good and the sensitivity is 220mV for the rated output power. The level of hum and noise is 89dB below the rated 20W.
The rectifier used in the power-supply stage is the Mullard full-wave rectifier, type GZ34. This provides sufficient current for the amplifier (about 145mA) and also for the pre-amplifier and FM radio tuner unit (about 35mA) being used with it.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Input Stage
The EF86 input stage of the circuit of Fig. 1 provides high-gain voltage amplification, the stage gain being approximately 120 times.
High-stability, cracked-carbon resistors are used in the anode, screen-grid and cathode circuits, and they give an appreciable improvement in the measured level of background noise compared with ordinary carbon resistors.
The stage is coupled directly to the input of the phase splitter. The purpose of this is to minimize low-frequency phase shift in the amplifier and to improve the low-frequency stability when negative feedback is applied. A CR network (C1, R3) connected across the anode load produces an advance in phase and thus improves the high-frequency stability of the amplifier.
Intermediate Stage
The second stage of the circuit uses a Mullard double triode, type ECC83,and fulfils the combined function of phase splitter and driver amplifier. The phase splitter is a cathode-coupled circuit which enables a high degree of balance to be obtained in the push-pull drive signal applied to the output stage.
With the high line voltage available, the required drive voltage for an output power of 20W is obtained with a low level (0.4 %) of distortion. The anode load resistors R11 and R12 should be matched to within 5%, R12 having the higher value for optimum operation.
Optimum balance is obtained when the effective anode loads differ by 3 %. The grid resistors R14 and R15 of the output stage should also be close-tolerance components because they also form part of the anode load of the driver stage. High-frequency balance will be determined largely by the wiring layout because equality of shunt capacitance is required. Low-frequency balance is controlled by the time constant C6R10 in the grid circuits of the triode sections,. and the value chosen in Fig. 1 will give adequate balance down to very low frequencies.
A disadvantage of the cathode-coupled form of phase splitter is that the effective voltage gain is about half that attainable with one section of the valve (tube) used as a normal voltage amplifier. However, as the amplification factor of the ECC83 is high (100), the effective gain of the cathode-coupled circuit is still about 25 times.
Output Stage
The main feature of interest in the output stage is the use of two EL34 with partial screen-grid (or distributed) loading, the screen .grids being fed from tappings on the primary winding of the output transformer. As stated in Section 3, the best practical operating conditions are achieved with this type of output stage when about 20% of the primary winding is common to the anode and screen-grid circuit.
The anode-to-anode loading of the output stage is 7k-o and, with a line voltage of 440V at the center-tap of the primary winding of the output transformer, the combined anode and screen-grid dissipation of the output valve (tube) s is 28W per valve (tube) . With the particular screen-grid to anode load ratio used, it has been found that improved linearity is obtained at power levels above 15W when resistors of the order of 1k-o are inserted in the screen-grid supply circuits. The slight reduction in peak power-handling capacity which results is not significant in practice.
Separate cathode-biasing resistors are used in the output stage to limit the out-of-balance direct current in the primary winding of the output transformer. The use of other balancing arrangements has not been thought necessary although it is likely that some improvement in performance, particularly at low frequencies, would result from the use of d.c. balancing. It is necessary in this type of output stage for the cathodes to be bypassed to earth even if a shared cathode resistor is used. Consequently, a low-frequency time constant in the cathode circuit cannot be eliminated when automatic biasing is used.
Negative Feedback
Negative feedback is taken from the secondary winding of the output transformer to the cathode circuit of the input stage. In spite of the high level of feedback used (30dB), the circuit is completely stable under open-circuit conditions. At least 10dB more feedback (obtainable by reducing the value of R13) would be required to cause high-frequency instability. The most probable form of instability would be oscillation with capacitive loads, but this is most unlikely to occur even with very long loudspeaker leads.
Power Supply
The power supply is conventional and uses a Mullard indirectly-heated, full-wave rectifier, type GZ34, in conjunction with a capacitive input filter. The values of the limiting resistors R26 and R27 will depend on the winding resistances of the mains transformer used. Their purpose, when required, is normally one of voltage control only. Where a transformer with a very low winding resistance is used, a secondary voltage rated at 400-0-400V may be found adequate. The rating of the mains transformer is such that about 40mA may be drawn from the h.t. supply to feed a pre-amplifier circuit and FM tuner in addition to the normal current required (about 145mA) for the amplifier.
Extra decoupling will be needed for these ancillary supplies. The smoothing component R22 can only be chosen when the type of tuner to be used is known. A value of about 6k-owould be suitable for typical current and voltage requirements of approximately 35mA and 200V. The components R16 and C8 depend on the pre-amplifier to be used. The values given in Fig. 1 refer to the 2- and 3-valve (tube) pre-amplifiers and the mixer unit described in Sections 9 and 10.
CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLY
The chassis for the 20W amplifier are made from two separate pieces of 16 s.w.g. brass or steel sheet. The dimensions (in inches) of these pieces are:
(a) Main chassis 21 X 1½
(b) Base 15 29/32 X10 13/32
Each piece should be marked as shown in the drawings of Fig. 2, and the holes should be cut as indicated. Where bending is required, it is important for the bends to be made accurately at the lines for the pieces to fit together properly on assembly.
Most of the resistors and small capacitors are mounted on two ten-way tagboards, and they should be connected as indicated in Figs. 3 and 4. The larger components should be fitted to the chassis in the positions indicated in the layout diagram of Fig. 5: this arrangement of the components will ensure good stability.
The wiring between the components is also indicated in Fig. 5. A busbar earth return is indicated, with only a single chassis connection at the input socket. Of the valve (tube) -holders fitted to the chassis, only the holder for the EF86 needs to be skirted. This holder should also be nylon-loaded.
D.C. CONDITIONS
The d.c. voltages at points in the equipment should be tested with reference to Table 1. The results shown in this table were obtained with an Avometer No. 8.
PERFORMANCE
Distortion
The total harmonic distortion of the prototype amplifier at 400Hz, measured without feedback and with a resistive load, is shown in Fig.
6. The distortion curve towards the overload point is also shown in Fig. 6 when feedback is applied.
At the full rated output, the distortion without feedback is well below 1% and with feedback is below 0.05 %. The distortion rises to 0.1 % for an output power of 27W. The loop-gain characteristic is such that a level of at least 20dB of feedback is maintained from 15Hz to 25 KHz, and of at least 26dB down to 30Hz.
Measurements of intermodulation products were made in the prototype amplifier using a carrier frequency of 10KHz and a modulating frequency of 40Hz. The ratio of modulating amplitude to carrier amplitude was 4 : 1. With the combined peak amplitudes of the mixed output at a level equivalent to the peak sine-wave amplitude at an r.m.s. power of 20W, the intermodulation products, expressed in r.m.s. terms, totaled 0.7 % of the carrier amplitude. At an equivalent power of 27W, the products totaled 1% of the carrier amplitude. The beat-note distortion between equal-amplitude signals at frequencies of 14 and 15KHz is 0.25 and 0.3 % at equivalent powers of 20 and 27W respectively, and between frequencies of 9 and 10KHz it is 0.2 and 0.25 % at the same equivalent powers. The variations of intermodulation and beat-note distortion with equivalent power are plotted in Fig. 7.
The output/input characteristics of the prototype amplifier are shown in Fig. 6. Excellent linearity is indicated up to output voltages, measured across a 15-ohm load, of 20V, which corresponds to an output power of 27W.
Frequency Response
The frequency- and power-response characteristics - that is, the curves for output powers of 1 and 20W respectively - are shown in Fig. 8. From this figure it will be seen that, at an output of 1W, the characteristic is flat (±1dB) compared with the level at 1KHz from 2KHz to 100KHz and the power-response characteristic is flat (±0.5dB) from 30Hz to 20KHz.
It is important that adequate power-handling capacity is available at the low-frequency end of the audible range and this is determined chiefly by the characteristics of the output transformer. The prototype amplifier is capable of handling powers of at least 20W at frequencies as low as 30Hz without excessive distortion, but for very low frequencies it is desirable that the signal should be attenuated in the associated preamplifier.
Fig 1
Fig. 2
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Sensitivity
The sensitivity of the amplifier measured at 1- khz is 6.5mV for an output of 20W when no feedback is applied, and approximately 220mV with feedback, the loop gain being 30d B. The loop-gain characteristic of the complete amplifier for the full frequency range is shown in Fig. 8. The sensitivity, with feedback, at the overload point (27W) is approximately 260m V.
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Fig 6-7
The level of background noise and hum in the prototype equipment is 89dB below 20W, measured with a source resistance of 10 k-o. This is equivalent to a signal of about 5.5µV at the input terminals. It is possible to increase the overall sensitivity of the amplifier by 6dB while still maintaining a low background level, a high loop gain and a good margin of stability, but various design requirements of associated pre-amplifier circuits (the need for a high signal-to-noise ratio, for example) render a higher sensitivity a doubtful advantage.
Phase Shift and Transient Response
Emphasis has been laid in the amplifier on a good margin of stability and, consequently, the phase shift is held to a comparatively low level. As shown in Fig. 11, the shift is only 20° at 20KHz. Excellent response to transient signals is obtained, the rise time of the amplifier being of the order of 5-µsec.
Output Impedance
The output stage has a low inherent output impedance, and this is further lowered by the use of negative feedback. It is approximately 0352 with a 1552 load for an output of 20W at frequencies of 40Hz, 1KHz and 20KHz. This gives a damping factor of about 50.
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