Digital Audio--Principles and Concepts: Article Index

1. Sound and Numbers

2. Digital Audio--Fundamentals

• Discrete Time Sampling
• The Sampling Theorem
• Nyquist Frequency
• Aliasing
• Quantization
• Signal-to-Error Ratio
• Quantization Error
• Other Architectures
• Dither
• Types of Dither
• Summary
• Addit.

3. Digital Audio Recording

• Pulse-Code Modulation
• Dither Generator
• Input Lowpass Filter
• Sample-and-Hold Circuit
• Analog-to-Digital Converter
• Successive Approximation A/D Converter
• Oversampling A/D Converter
• Record Processing
• Channel Codes
• Simple Codes
• Group Codes
• Code Applications

4. Digital Audio Reproduction (Playback)

• Reproduction Processing
• Digital-to-Analog Converter
• Weighted-Resistor Digital-to-Analog Converter
• R-2R Ladder Digital-to-Analog Converter
• Zero-Cross Distortion
• High-Bit D/A Conversion
• Output Sample-and-Hold Circuit
• Output Lowpass Filter
• Impulse Response
• Digital Filters
• FIR Oversampling Filter
• Noise Shaping
• Output Processing
• Alternate Coding Architectures
• Floating-Point Systems
• Block Floating-Point Systems
• Nonuniform Companding Systems
• μ-Law and A-Law Companding
• Differential PCM Systems
• Predictive Differential Coding
• Delta Modulation
• Adaptive Delta Modulation
• Companded Predictive Delta Modulation
• Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Modulation
• Timebase Correction
• Jitter
• Eye Pattern
• Interface Jitter and Sampling Jitter
• Jitter in Mechanical Storage Media
• Jitter in Data Transmission
• Jitter in Converters

5. Error Correction

• Sources of Errors
• Quantifying Errors
• Objectives of Error Correction
• Error Detection
• Single-Bit Parity
• ISBN
• Cyclic Redundancy Check Code
• Error-Correction Codes
• Block Codes
• Hamming Codes
• Convolutional Codes
• Interleaving
• Cross-Interleaving
• Reed–Solomon Codes
• Cross-Interleave Reed–Solomon Code (CIRC)
• CIRC Performance Criteria
• Product Codes
• Error Concealment
• Interpolation
• Muting
• Duplication

6. Optical Disc Media

7. Compact Disc (CD)

• Development
• Overview
• Disc Design
• Disc Optical Specification
• Data Encoding
• Player Optical Design
• Optical Pickup
• Autofocus Design
• Autotracking Design
• One-Beam Pickup
• Pickup Control
• Player Electrical Design
• EFM Demodulation
• Error Detection and Correction
• Output Processing
• Subcode
• Disc Manufacturing
• Premastering
• Disc Mastering
• Electroforming
• Disc Replication
• Alternative CD Formats
• CD-ROM
• CD-R
• CD-RW
• CD-MO
• CD-i
• Photo CD
• CD + G and CD + MIDI
• CD-3
• Video CD
• Super Audio CD (SACD)
• Disc Design
• DSD Modulation
• DST Lossless Coding
• Player Design

8. DVD

• Development and Overview
• Disc Design
• Disc Optical Specification
• Disc Manufacturing and Playback
• Optical Playback
• Data Coding
• Reed–Solomon Product Code
• EFMPlus Modulation
• Universal Disc Format (UDF) Bridge
• DVD-Video
• DVD-Video Video Coding
• DVD-Video Audio Coding
• DVD-Video Playback Features
• DVD-Video Authoring
• DVD-Video Developer’s Summary
• DVD-Audio
• DVD-Audio Coding and Channel Options
• DVD-Audio Disc Contents
• DVD-Audio Developer’s Summary
• Alternative DVD Formats
• DVD-ROM
• DVD-R and DVD + R
• DVD-RW and DVD + RW
• DVD-RAM
• DVD Content Protection
• DVD-Video Copy Protection
• DVD-Audio Copy Protection
• Content Protection for Recordable Media
• Secure Digital Transmission
• DVD Watermarking
• HD DVD

9. Blu-Ray

10. Low Bit-Rate Coding: Theory and Evaluation

• Perceptual Coding
• Psychoacoustics
• Physiology of the Human Ear and Critical Bands
• Threshold of Hearing and Masking
• Temporal Masking
• Psychoacoustic Models
• Spreading Function
• Tonality
• Rationale for Perceptual Coding
• Perceptual Coding in Time and Frequency
• Sub-band Coding
• Transform Coding
• Filter Banks
• Quadrature Mirror Filters
• Hybrid Filters
• Polyphase Filters
• MDCT
• Multichannel Coding
• Tandem Codecs
• Spectral Band Replication
• Perceptual Coding Performance Evaluation
• Critical Listening
• Listening Test Methodologies and Standards
• Listening Test Statistical Evaluation
• Lossless Data Compression
• Entropy Coding
• Audio Data Compression

11. Low Bit-Rate Coding: Codec Design

• Early Codecs
• MPEG-1 Audio Standard
• MPEG Bitstream Format
• MPEG-1 Layer I
• Example of MPEG-1 Layer I Implementation
• MPEG-1 Layer II
• MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
• MP3 Bit Allocation and Huffman Coding
• MP3 Stereo Coding
• MP3 Decoder Optimization
• MPEG-1 Psychoacoustic Model 1
• MPEG-1 Psychoacoustic Model 2
• MPEG-2 Audio Standard
• MPEG-2 AAC
• AAC Main Profile
• AAC Allocation Loops
• AAC Temporal Noise Shaping
• AAC Techniques and Performance
• ATRAC Codec
• Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC) Codec
• AC-3 (Dolby Digital) Codec
• AC-3 Overview
• AC-3 Theory of Operation
• AC-3 Exponent Strategies and Bit Allocation
• AC-3 Multichannel Coding
• AC-3 Bitstream and Decoder
• AC-3 Applications and Extensions
• DTS Codec
• Meridian Lossless Packing

12. Speech Coding for Transmission

13. Audio Interconnection

14. Personal Computer Audio

• PC Buses and Interfaces
• IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
• Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP)
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Sound Card and Motherboard Audio
• Music Synthesis
• Surround Sound Processing
• Audio Codec ’97 (AC ’97)
• High Definition Audio (HD Audio)
• Windows DirectX API
• MMX
• File Formats
• WAV and BWF
• MP3, AIFF, QuickTime, and Other File Formats
• Open Media Framework Interchange (OMFI)
• Advanced Authoring Format (AAF)
• Material eXchange Format (MXF)
• AES31
• Digital Audio Extraction
• Flash Memory
• Hard-Disk Drives
• Magnetic Recording
• Hard-Disk Design
• Digital Audio Workstations
• Audio Software Applications
• Professional Applications
• Audio for Video Workstations

15. Telecommunications and Internet Audio [part 1, part 2, part 3]

16. Digital Radio and Television Broadcasting

17. Digital Signal Processing

• Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing
• DSP Applications
• Discrete Systems
• Linearity and Time-Invariance
• Impulse Response and Convolution
• Complex Numbers
• Mathematical Transforms
• Unit Circle and Region of Convergence
• Poles and Zeros
• DSP Elements
• Digital Filters
• FIR Filters
• IIR Filters
• Filter Applications
• Sources of Errors and Digital Dither
• DSP Integrated Circuits
• Processor Architecture
• Fixed Point and Floating Point
• DSP Programming
• Filter Programming
• Texas Instruments Code
• Motorola Code
• Analog Devices SHARC Code
• Specialized DSP Applications
• Digital Delay Effects
• Digital Reverberation
• Digital Mixing Consoles
• Loudspeaker Correction
• Noise Removal

18. Sigma-Delta Conversion and Noise Shaping

• Sigma-Delta Conversion
• Delta Modulation
• Sigma-Delta Modulation
• Analysis of a First-Order Sigma-Delta Modulator
• Higher-Order Noise Shaping
• Idle Tones and Limit Cycles
• One-Bit D/A Conversion with Second-Order Noise Shaping
• Multi-Bit D/A Conversion with Third-Order Noise Shaping
• Multi-Bit D/A Conversion with Quasi Fourth-Order Noise Shaping
• Sigma-Delta A/D Conversion
• Digital Filtering and Decimation
• Sigma-Delta A/D Converter Chip
• Sigma-Delta D/A Converter Chip
• Sigma-Delta A/D–D/A Converter Chip
• Noise Shaping of Nonoversampling Quantization Error
• Psychoacoustically Optimized Noise Shaping
• Buried Data Technique

The Sampling Theorem

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